Data abstraction in Python

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Data abstraction in Python is a principle of object-oriented programming (OOP) that involves hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. It helps in reducing programming complexity and effort.

Here's how you can achieve data abstraction in Python:

1. Using Abstract Base Classes (ABCs)
Python provides the abc module (Abstract Base Classes) to define abstract classes and abstract methods.

Steps:
Import ABC and abstractmethod from abc.

Create a class that inherits from ABC.

Use @abstractmethod decorator to declare abstract methods.

Animal is an abstract class.

make_sound() is an abstract method that must be implemented in all subclasses.

You cannot instantiate Animal directly.

2. Encapsulation (for hiding data)
Though technically separate from abstraction, encapsulation is often used in tandem to support abstraction by hiding data using private or protected members.

The __engine_started variable is hidden from outside the class.

External code interacts only through public methods like start_engine() and get_engine_status().

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Data abstraction in Python